1. The largest reptiles on Earth are crocodiles.

2. The strongest bite in the animal kingdom belongs to crocodiles.
The maximum pressure that a human jaw can exert per square inch is only 100 pounds. In contrast, according to our knowledge of crocodiles, their jaws can exert 5000 pounds of pressure per square inch. In comparison to a great white shark, it has a bite that is ten times more potent. However, despite this, the crocodiles’ jaw-opening muscles are so tiny and feeble that a person may seal their mouth with simply a rubber band or his or her hands.

3. Crocodiles can swim quite well.
Crocodiles move quite quickly through the water. They have a maximum swimming speed of 22 mph, or 35 km/h. They move across the water by using their muscular tails and their webbed feet as rudders. Additionally, their tails enable them to remain upright in the water for up to three hours.

4. They frequently have their lips open when sleeping.

If you see a crocodile with its mouth open, do not become alarmed. When they witness a crocodile emerge from the water with its mouth open, the majority of people immediately think that they are in danger. But in truth, they just “mouth gape,” or open their lips, to let off steam. Since crocodiles cannot perspire, they will sit or lie down with their mouths open to let heat escape. Although it may appear threatening, they are not acting aggressively.

5. The tiniest crocodile in the world is found in West Africa. reaching a height of 1.8 meters (5.9 feet). In tunnels in the hollows of low-lying tree branches along the water’s edge, it can be found alone or in couples.

6. The largest reptiles in the world are saltwater crocodiles. They may reach a height of 7.0 meters (23 feet) and weigh between 2200 and 2600 pounds.

7. To aid with digestion, they ingest tiny stones.

Animals with shells and bones or crocodiles that consume their prey whole benefit from swallowing stones called “gastroliths.” Food is ground in their stomachs with the aid of gastroliths. The crocodile’s stomach may harbor these stones for many years.

8. They have 24 teeth, but they seldom chew anything with them since they are so sharp.
serpentine teeth

Crocodiles have 24 very sharp teeth, yet they hardly ever utilize them to eat their meal. Instead, they seize, grasp, and smash their prey or food using their teeth. Small stones that they ingest ground-up food for in their stomachs. Additionally, when they close, their jaws may apply a significant amount of force, yet little is required to hold them shut.

9. The heart of a crocodile contains four chambers.

The majority of bird species are similar to it, and while it is on dry land, it will act like other animals. However, the crocodile’s heart operates like a three-chambered organ while it is swimming, leaping, or diving. They can spend more time underwater because of this, much like other reptiles can.

10. A crocodile egg’s temperature can reveal the gender of the embryo.

A male crocodile will hatch if the egg inside reaches a temperature of 88.8 degrees Fahrenheit. A female crocodile will hatch if the temperature is either above or below this level.

11. There are 23 different species of crocodiles in the world, and each has a different lifetime of between 35 and 75 years.

12. They always have powerful, long tails. When swimming and moving on land, they help crocodiles maintain equilibrium. Males may utilize them during courting to attract attention. They may flick their tail during assaults to knock their prey unconscious.

13. Crocodiles swim far faster than they can walk.
There is a common misconception that crocodiles cannot be outrun because of their speed. While the typical person can sprint eight to nine miles per hour and crocodiles can belly run up to 11 miles per hour, when your adrenaline begins pounding, you should be able to outrun a crocodile since they fatigue quickly.

14. Morelet’s crocodile

The modestly sized Morelet’s crocodile (Crocodylus moreletii), commonly referred to as the Mexican or Belize crocodile, is a freshwater crocodilian that is exclusively found in the Atlantic areas of Mexico, Belize, and Guatemala.[ It often reaches a length of 3 meters (10 feet). It is a species of Least Concern. Guatemala contains a fossil record of the species.

15. The saltwater crocodile (Crocodylus porosus)

From the east coast of India to Southeast Asia and the Sundaic area to northern Australia and Micronesia, the saltwater crocodile (Crocodylus porosus) is a crocodilian that is indigenous to saltwater environments, brackish wetlands, and freshwater rivers. Since 1996, it has been categorized as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List. Its range was extensively hunted for its skin up until the 1970s, and it is now endangered due to unlawful hunting and habitat destruction. It is thought to be harmful to people.

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ALL ABOUT ROSH HASHANAH

Jewish New Year begins Friday, September 15 evening at sunset. The start of Rosh Hashanah 2023 is on Friday, September 15, and lasts until sundown on Sunday, September 17, 2023

Rosh Hashanah happens toward the beginning of Tishrei when God is said to have made the world. Hence, Rosh Hashanah should be visible as the birthday of the world

As per custom, God judges all creatures during the 10 Days of Stunningness between Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur

Jews all across the world, but especially in Israel, observe the occasion with appreciation and grandeur.

The Hebrew term for this holy day is Yom Teruah. it’s the “beginning of the new year”

The two-day Rosh Hashanah celebration and observance starts on the first day of Tishrei, the seventh month of the ecclesiastical year, and lasts two days.

According to Jewish traditions, Rosh Hashanah heralds the start of the civil year and is also the customary anniversary of the creation of Adam and Eve, the first man and woman according to the Hebrew Bible, and the beginning of humanity’s place in God’s creation.

In the Jewish calendar, it is the start of the year 5784.

Prayer, synagogue services, contemplation, symbolic meals, and the sound of the shofar are all used to mark the event.

apples dipped in honey to symbolize a sweet new year. One of the most well known Rosh Hashanah customs includes eating apple cuts dunked in honey, at times in the wake of saying an exceptional petition. Antiquated Jews accepted apples had mending properties, and honey the expectation that the new year will be sweet

• Pomegranate.
• Honey Cake…
• Fish.
• Couscous with Seven Vegetables.
• Leeks, Chard or Spinach. …
• Dates.

1. “Shana Tova Umetuka” – A Sweet New Year: …
2. “L’Shanah Tovah” – For a Good Year: …
3. “G’mar Chatimah Tovah” – A Prayer for Good Fate: ..
4. are the way to wish the new year

“Who is a Jew?“

One who practices Judaism is referred to as a Jew.

what is Judaism?

An Abrahamic, monotheistic, and ethnic religion is Judaism (Hebrew: Yahă). It includes all the Jewish people’s collective spiritual, cultural, and legal traditions. they originated in the Middle East during the Bronze Age as a formal religion. Around the sixth and fifth centuries BCE, Yahwism, the cultic religious movement of ancient Israel and Judah, gave rise to modern Judaism.

God in Judaism

Jehovah is a Latinization of the Hebrew name for God, Yahweh.  Jehovah is one of the seven names of God in Judaism

Judaism traditionally claims that Yahweh, the national god of the Israelites and the god of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, freed the Israelites from slavery in Egypt and handed them the Torah at Mount Sinai.

Religious symbols in Judaism

Religious symbols in Judaism indicated a sign, yet additionally a noticeable strict badge of the connection between God and humans.

Torah

Torah the holy book of Judaism

The Torah is “Guidance”, “Educating” or “Regulation”) is the assemblage of the initial five books of the Jewish Book of Scriptures, or “Law”) is the compilation of the first five books of the Hebrew Bible, namely the books of Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy. The Torah is known as the Pentateuch or the Five Books of Moses It is also known as the Hebrew Bible or Tanakh.

The Star of David

The Star of David is a representation of both the Jewish people as a whole and of Judaism as a religion. It is also believed to be King David’s shield or at least his insignia. Jewish legend connects the emblem to King Solomon’s “Seal of Solomon,” a mystical signet ring he used to command demons and spirits.

Jewish legend also connects the sign to a magical shield that King David had and used to defend himself from foes. The Star of David became the emblem of Jewish communities after their freedom during the French Revolution. The Israeli flag has the star.

Menorah

One of the most recognizable images of Judaism, the menorah is a seven-outfitted candelabra that addresses the province of Israel as a “light upon countries.” Strangely, the menorah that is utilized to observe Hanukkah has nine arms rather than seven so we can light a candle for every evening of the celebration. In fact talking, a menorah for Hanukkah is a “Hanukkiah,” however most everybody simply calls it a menorah.

Four Species

Addresses the celebration of Sukkot. Frequently a backup of the Menorahblem

Shofar

An old melodic horn normally made of a slam’s horn, utilized for Jewish strict purposes

Shofar is a symbol of the High Holy Days. used as a ceremonial tool to formally usher in the new year. In Judaism, a shofar is an instrument produced using the horn of a slam or other fit creature. It is played like a trumpet and is otherwise called the Jewish smash’s horn. The shofar is utilized during Jewish High Occasions to remind individuals to zero in on otherworldly subjects

The shofar is utilized at significant Jewish public and strict events. In scriptural times, it was utilized to:
1-Sound the time of rest
2-Report the New Moon
3-Declare the blessing of another lord
4-Assemble individuals

Jewish regulation expects that the shofar be blown multiple times on every day of Rosh Hashanah. By custom, it is blown 100 or multiple times on every day.

The shofar represents:
Foretelling the approaching of the Savior
The finish of the current world request
The initiation of God’s rule of nobility all through the world
A recovered Israel driving all individuals in recognizing that God is One and His name One
A sign of the slam forfeited by Abraham instead of Isaac during the Limiting of Isaac

Dreidel

A dreidel is a four-sided turning top played during the Jewish occasion of Hanukkah. The dreidel is a Jewish variation on the teetotum,

Each side of the dreidel bears a letter of the Jewish letters in order: נ‎ (religious woman), ג‎ (gimel), ה‎ (hei), ש‎ (shin). These letters are addressed in Yiddish as a memory helper for the guidelines of a betting game got from teetotum played with a dreidel: religious recluse represents the word

Tallit

A tallit is a bordered piece of clothing worn as a request cloak by strict Jews. The tallit has unique twined and tied edges known as tzitzit joined to its four corners. The fabric part is known as the beaded (“piece of clothing”) and is typically produced using fleece or cotton, in spite of the fact that silk is in some cases utilized for a tallit gadol.

Kippah/Yarmulke

The little, round head covering worn by Jews is known as a Yarmulke in Yiddish, or a Kippah in Hebrew. It fills in as an update that there is consistently somebody above you. Standard guys by and large wear a Kippah consistently,

Siddur

A siddur is a Jewish prayer book containing a set order of daily prayers. The word siddur comes from the Hebrew root

Mezuzah

is a piece of material recorded with explicit Hebrew stanzas from the Torah, which Jewish devotees of Rabbinical Judaism join to the doorposts of their homes.These sections are the Scriptural entries where the utilization of a mezuzah is instructed (Deuteronomy they likewise structure part of the Shema prayer.(Jewish supplication (known as the Shema) that fills in as a focal point of the morning and night Jewish petitioning God administrations)In standard Rabbinic Judaism, a mezuzah should commonly be set in each entryway in the home

Yad

known as a Torah pointer, used by the reader to follow the text during the parchment Torah from the parchment Torah  Torah scrolls. It is often shaped like a long rod, capped by a small hand with its index finger pointing from it

Hamsa

The hamsa is a palm-molded image involved by Jews and different religions as a defensive ornament to avoid the “stink eye.” A few Jews consider the topsy-turvy hand to address the hand of God.

these are holy symbols in Judaism

in this article, we will know some important facts about the Indian moon mission from Chandrayaan-1 to Chandrayaan-3

The first Indian lunar mission launched as part of the Chandrayaan program was Chandrayaan-1. The Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) established it in October 2008.

On October 22, 2008, at 00:52 UTC, India launched the spacecraft from the Satish Dhawan Space Center in Sriharikota, Andhra Pradesh, using a PSLV-XL rocket.

Chandrayaan orbiter at 14:36 UTC struck the south pole in a controlled manner. 

ISRO became the fifth national space agency to reach the lunar surface. Other nations whose national space agencies have done so prior were the former Soviet Union in 1959, the United States in 1962, Japan in 1993, and ESA member states in 2006.

Chandrayaan-1 failed after completing its operations for 312 days and achieved 95% of its planned objectives. The mission was designed to last for two years. As the star tracking system overheated and malfunctioned due to radiation from the sun, it paved the way for Chandrayaan-1 to its premature end.

mission of Chandrayaan-1

Chandrayaan-1 was In order to create an accurate picture of the surface’s chemical composition and three-dimensional topography, the lunar surface had to be surveyed for two years. The polar areas are of particular significance since water ice may be present there. The discovery of the widespread existence of water molecules in lunar soil was one of its numerous accomplishments.

Chandrayaan-2

Launch date	22 July 2019, 09:13:12 utc
Rocket	LVM3 M1
Launch site	Satish Dhavan Space Centre second launch pad
Contractor	ISRO

CHANDRAYAAN-2

_{Vikram lander on the moon}

It is made up of an Indian-developed lunar orbiter, the Vikram lander, and the Pragyan rover.

The primary scientific goal is to map and investigate the differences in the lunar surface’s composition as well as the presence and distribution of water on the moon.

On September 6, 2019, the lander and rover were supposed to touch down on the near side of the Moon in the south polar area at a latitude of around 70° south.

On September 6, 2019, the lander was attempting to land when it lost control and crashed after deviating from its intended course. A failure analysis report provided to ISRO states that a software error was to blame for the disaster.

CHANDRAYAAN-3

the third Indian lunar exploration mission under the Indian Space Research

launched on 14 July 2023 Organisation’s (ISRO) Chandrayaan program.It consists of a lander named Vikram and a rover named Pragyan

The lander and rover landed near the lunar south pole region on 23 August 2023

On August 23, 2023, the lander and rover made history to become the first country on the lunar south pole.

Mission type	LanderRover
Operator	ISRO
COSPAR ID	2023-098B
Mission duration	1 month and 9 days (elapsed): 3 to 6 months (planned) 18 days (elapsed) (since orbit insertion)VIKRAM lander: ≤ 0 days (elapsed) (since landing)PRAGYAN rover: ≤ 14 days (planned) 0 days (elapsed) (since deployment)
Spacecraft properties
BUS	Chandrayaan
Manufacturer	ISRO
Launch mass	3900 kg

1. Snake eyes can reveal a snake’s poisonous status.

Venomous snakes generally have slitted or elliptical pupils, while non-venomous snakes usually have round pupils. Definitely one of the snake facts to keep an eye out for.  However, there are still certain exceptions. If you encounter a snake, it’s best to stay away. 

2. There are 600–1800 bones in a snake skeleton, depending on the species.

Each snake has ten bones in its skull and jaw, but each snake has a different set of ribs and vertebrae. For instance, the 10 cm long thread snake has 600 bones total, with each vertebra having an average of 200 and each rib having two. In comparison, larger and longer snakes have far more.

3. Snakes have a 170-year lifespan.

Captive snakes can live as long as 170 years, but in the wild, they can survive to 100 years.

4. The venom of the pico jackfruit snake may be able to treat cancer.

The Pico jackfruit snake or bushmaster is native to South America. Its potent venom causes vomiting, diarrhea, blood pressure crash, blindness, and a closed-up throat. If left untreated, an adult can die in minutes. However, scientists are exploring this venom as a cure for cancer. Through experimentation, scientists are trying to engineer venom to target cancer cells.       

5. The longest snake in the world is the reticulated python (Malayopython reticulatus).

The longest snake in the world, the reticulated python (Malayopython reticulatus), regularly exceeds 6.25 meters in length.

6. Leptotyphlops carlae, a small burrowing member of the snake family Leptotyphlopidae, is known as the Barbados thread snake.

Barbados threadsnake, (Leptotyphlops carlae), a tiny burrowing member of the snake family Leptotyphlopidae. Reaching a maximum adult length of only 10.4 cm (4.1 inches) and an average weight of 0.6 g (0.02 ounce), it is thought to be the world’s smallest known snake.

7. The black mamba is the world’s fastest snake.

The black mamba is recognized as one of the deadliest snakes in the world. In a snap, the black mamba can move 4.32 to 5.4 meters per second, which is the fastest for any snake. Its venom is highly potent. Although the development of antivenom has lowered casualties, the black mamba still kills around 20,000 per year in Africa.

8. A pine snake spends most of its time underground.

The pine snake feeds on its prey by entering rodents’ burrows and pressing them against the walls. It also stays underground during winters and hot summers. 

9. The Sonoran Coral snake farts when scared.

When you visualize a snake ready to attack, you’d definitely think of it hissing or baring its fangs, which is mostly true. The Sonoran Coral Snake is an exception, though. For a venomous species, it has a strange way of dealing with threats: the Sonoran coral snake will hide its head under its body, raise a tightly-curled tail, and force gas from its cloaca. Experts call this phenomenon cloacal popping. As you’d expect, the gas emits a foul smell to drive away enemies. How’s that for crazy snake facts?

10. The king cobra is believed to be one of the most intelligent snakes.

The only species of snake with a strong feeling of family is the king cobra. They are the only snake species that build nests and protect their young, in contrast to the majority of snake species that do so.

11. Mad snake disease can make snakes tangle into each other.

Captive snakes were recently diagnosed with the fairly new Inclusion Body Disease (IBD) which makes domestic boas and pythons tangle their bodies to death. The virus was said to come from infected rodents.

12. The St. Lucia racer is the most endangered snake.

Currently, only 18 to 100 of these snakes are left in the West Indies. 

13. A stressed snake may eat itself.

Snakes may also suffer from excessive heat. Without any nearby food, heat can make a snake feel hungry, at which point it may begin to feed on itself. An overheated snake won’t be able to stop biting once it starts since snakes also have the impulse to keep prey in, and it may finally die from blood loss.

14. A snake’s body will fail if temperatures reach below 10°C.  

Snakes cannot produce their own body heat because they are cold-blooded. For warmth, they frequently lie on rocks and tan. Once temperatures drop below 10°C, a snake will become immobilized and could potentially die if not taken to a warmer environment.

15. Snakes can eat things 75-100% bigger than their own size.

One of the scarier snake facts: A snake’s jaws are not fixed to its skull. Instead, they are connected loosely to the skull by ligaments. This loose connection lets snakes open their mouths around 150° to swallow their prey whole.

16. Snakes use their tongues to navigate.

When snakes stick their tongue out, it’s not just an intimidation tactic. Most snakes have poor eyesight and hearing, so they have to rely on their tongues to navigate and locate prey. Their forked tongues pick up pheromones in the surroundings, routing the signals to the Jacobson’s Organ and giving them a sense of direction.

17. Snakes can explode after overeating.     

Although a snake’s jaws and body can stretch multiple times its own size, it also has its limits. In Florida, a 13-foot python was found with a 6-foot alligator protruding from its body. The python’s head was missing, while the alligator’s tail and hind leg stuck out from its body. Definitely one of the more disturbing snake facts.

18. Pythons kill their prey by suffocating it.

Reaching lengths of 16-23 ft, pythons are some of the biggest and thickest snakes out there. They make up for the lack of venom by constricting their prey. An experiment showed that a reticulated python applied 6 pounds of pressure per square inch during constriction, which causes instant internal damage in most animals. Despite being some of the biggest snake species, ball pythons have also been a top choice for domestication.

19. Two-headed snakes don’t survive long.

You’d assume that more two-headed snakes would survive and proliferate in the wild as one of the animals with the greatest incidences of polycephaly. They don’t really survive for very long though because the two heads fight over food and frequently turn on one another. One one of those sad yet unsettling snake truths.

20. Snakes lack exterior ears.

However, a snake can still hear through its skin, muscles, and bones carrying vibrations to its inner ears.